Grade 10 Cells and Cell Specialization Review

Cells, Cell Division, and Cell Specialization Fundament eithery Different Types of Cell Prokaryotic Cell- single stalled solely desoxyribonucleic acid+ structure (before nucleus) E. g. zygote- eat up desoxyribonucleic acid Eukaryotic Cell-multi- carreled (after nucleus) ProkaryotesEukaryotes DNAIn nucleoid regionWithin membrane-bound nucleus ChromosomesSingle, circularMultiple, linear OrganellesNoneMembrane-bound organelles SizeUsually smallerUsually larger- 50 times OrganizationUsually single- cadreedOften multicellular Sexual ReproductionNoneMeiosis Combination of DMA from 2 cells 3 postulates of cell theory (Created by Schleiden, Schwann) . All living things are composed of cells 2. All cells from pre-existing cells (e. g. through cell division) 3. Cells are the base functional units of living organisms Functions of organelles OrganelleIn business termsFunctions CytoplasmPlace to work-suspends organelles -stores substances that are needed for later -many chemical reactions take place CytoskeletonPlace to work-transports vesicles and organelles -determines cell shape E. g. while blood cell examples it to reach and swallow bacterium Ribosome/ EnzymesWorkers- creates proteins that take down the ER for change NucleusThe boss-protects DNA chromosome large continuous piece of DNA, containing many genes -gene many sets of instructions on a chromosome, make functional products -nucleolus region of DNA that codes ribosomes -nuclear pore holes in a nuclear membrane Endoplasmic Reticulum upcountry transportation-transports materials throughout the cell with its branching tubes and pockets -brain assists with production, release of hormone -muscles involved with muscle contraction Golgi ApparatusExports transportation-collect and process materials to be re beard from the cell -make and secrete mucus Cell MembraneSecurity/ export/import-support the cell allow some substances to enter while keeping others out (semi-permeable) Chloroplasts Cash flow-absorb light ene rgy for photosynthesis? the process of converting carbon dioxide and irrigate in glucose and oxygen using chlorophyll MitochondriaSpender of cash-make energy available to the cell -contains enzymes? convert stored energy into a advantageously usable piss ( cellular respiration) LysosomesWaste removal/ recycling-digestive system of cell? break down waste from some(prenominal) inside and outside the cell Vacuoles Storage-contain substance, removing unwanted maintaining internal turgor pressure within the cellDifferentiating between plant and carnal organelles AnimalsPlants Lysosome present in all animal cells but not allCell Wall provides structural support, prevents cells from rupturing, outside of cell membrane Centrioles involved in cell divisionChloroplasts absorb light energy for photosynthesis? the process of converting carbon dioxide and water in glucose and oxygen using chlorophyll Vacuole a portion of the cell membrane may stoop inside out to public figure a vacuole to digest the engulfed objectVacuole controls turgor pressure, much larger Reasons who cells must divide 1.Reproduction -all cells use division to reproduce -single celled organisms split to form new organism (asexual reproduction) -multi celled organisms 2 parental cells combine to form new organism (sexual reproduction) 2. Growth -transport of nutrients and waste across the cell limits cell size (diffusion from highly severe areas to lower concentrated areas) -movement of chemical occurs by diffusion? cells get too large, chemical and water backsidet move fast - save way to get bigger and still function properly is to hyperkinetic syndrome more cells 3. Repair/Regeneration -needed to stay alive E. g. kin cells replaced daily, red blood cells replaced ever great hundred days, breaking bones or cuts and blisters new cells needed to fill the gaps -replaces lost cells Why do cells distinguish? Cells have exact same DNA in its nucleus? location and chemical messages from other cells bring out certain genes. As a result each cell has a unique function in which they must perform Types of stem cells Undifferentiated Totipotent-embryonic stem cells E. g. zygote ?Completely undifferentiated E. g. cells from outset few divisions after fertilization ? Can become any type ? Destroys the embryo when collected Pluripotent- gravid stem cells E. g. trophoblast Already partially differentiated and located in specific proboscis tissues E. g. bone marrow, umbilical cord cord ? Can become many types, but not all Multipotent ? Can only differentiate into a limited range of cell types malignant neoplastic disease- What and how it forms What When genes that control the duration of interphase get mutations (random changes in DNA code) that causes a cell to grow out of control. As a result it forms a tumor (lumps of cells) that doesnt fully differentiate or function properly, using valuable resources Tumor Types 1. Benign (non-cancerous) cells dont interfere or invade other cel ls, but large masses can crowd nigh tissues 2.Malignant (cancerous) interferes or invades other cells, nearby tissues and potentially mestasize Mestasize process of cancer cells dividing and going to other places in the body by breaking away from an invasive primary tumor, forming additional secondary tumors Causes of Cancer 1. Cellular DNA is copied improperly during S phase of cell steering wheel 2. Environmental mutations caused by carcinogens (E. g. chemicals, energy, some viruses) Methods of Screening Cancer -Pap smear (cervical cancer) -Mammogram (breast cancer) -Colonoscopy (colorectal cancer) -PSA blood test (prostate cancer) -Self-ExaminationBiopsy removal of body tissue for laboratory examination (E. g. taken with endoscope) Methods of analyze cancer -Endoscopy Camera and tissue extractor -X-ray uses radiations to get images of tissues -Ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of soft tissues -CT/Cat conk out Computer Axial Tomography creates . D images MRI Scan Ma gnetic Resonance Imaging creates . D image using magnetic fields and radio waves and computer analysis Different methods of takeing cancer -Surgery physically removing -Chemotherapy treating with a series of drugs that target rapidly dividing cells -Radiation killing cancer cells with target radiationBiophotonics uses beams of light to detect and treat cancer Different parts of the cell cycle- Description Interphase -period before a cell divides -longest part of the cycle (3/4 of its time) -cell grows, performs daily functions and chromosomes are duplicated S-Stage of Interphase Strands of the SNA are copied but remain attacted to the original protein Mitosis process by which all cells divide (to divide up the DNA that has been copied and create 2 identical cells each with a complete set of chromosomes Prophase duplicated chromosomes shorten and thicken (chromatin begins to condense by supercoiling, wrapping around protein balls -nuclear membrane starts to dissolve) -spindle fibres (made of microtubles) form -centrioles move to opposite ends (poles of the cell) Metaphase -double stranded chromosomes line up along the equator (middle of the cell) Anaphase -each double stranded chromosome splits and the single stranded chromosomes function along the spindle fibres to opposite ends of the cell -sister chromatids get pulled apartTelophase -chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell and become long-acting and thinner -new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes -spindle fibres disappear -supercoiled DNA begins to uncoil to form chromatin again Cytokinesis -division of cytoplasm and cellular organelles (pinching off to form individual cells) Plant cells grow a new cell plate built with proteins to form a new membrane) Result mother cell splits in half to form 2 daughter cells Drawing the cell cycle